What does asbestos look like?
Asbestos use has a legacy that spans across decades. Millions of tonnes of raw asbestos fibre was imported and used to create thousands of asbestos containing products.
Being asbestos aware is about knowing what does asbestos look like.
Scroll down the page to see just some of the asbestos containing materials used in the UK.
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What does asbestos look like?
Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral, a chain silicate to be precise. Silicates are the earths most common minerals types. Asbestos is mined out of the ground in a similar process as commonly mined minerals such as coal and talc.
Once out of the ground the asbestos is crush and milled to produce the raw fibre which can be commercially utilised. The raw asbestos fibre was then added to thousands of materials to produce asbestos containing materials.
It’s estimated that approximately 5,000 different asbestos products have been created.
Loose Fill Asbestos
Loose fill asbestos is pure 100% loose asbestos fibre.
Loose asbestos insulation or “loose fill asbestos” is now very rare to find. This is simply down to the hazard it poses and most of it has been removed.
It was used to insulate lofts, placed as fire packing around cables and insulation between floors. Paper bags or paper sacks were filled with loose insulation, which were used for sound insulation between floors or walls.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Very soft material
High asbestos content – 100%
Mainly Crocidolite and Chrysotile used
Asbestos Sprayed Coating
Asbestos fibre mixed with a Portland cement binder, which was spray applied onto surfaces.
Sprayed coatings were used as thermal and anti-condensation insulation on the underside of roofs and sometimes the sides of industrial buildings and warehouses.
It was used as acoustic insulation in theatres and halls, as fire protection on steel and reinforced concrete beams/columns and on the underside of floors.
The spraying of this material on application made it go everywhere. This often gets overlooked when trying to manage this material.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Very soft material
High asbestos content – 55% - 85%
All asbestos types used but mainly Crocidolite and Amosite
Asbestos Thermal Insulation
This material type covers many variants and is classified as any material that was used to provide thermal insulation to an item. A hand-applied/mixed insulation, which was applied to pipes and boilers.
Preformed insulation sections (similar in appearance to the modern fibreglass insulation sections) referred to in the industry as “Sectional”.
There were preformed insulation blocks, corrugated paper (used on pipes), ropes, quilts and blankets.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Generally low density – Soft materials
Generally high asbestos content – 6 - 85%
All asbestos types used
Asbestos Insulating Board
Asbestos fibre mixed with calcium silicate.
This material was used everywhere and was a key product for providing fire stop protection.
It was used as ceiling board/ceiling tiles, walls, infill panels, firebreaks, fire door backing panels, roofs, boxings, risers, linings, soffits, canopies, packers, linings to safes/filing cabinets, boiler casings… to name just a few.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Soft material
High asbestos content – 15 - 40%
Crocidolite was used in early boards. Amosite was extensively used on its own or with a mix of Chrysotile
Asbestos Millboard
Asbestos fibre mixed with a matrix of clay and starch.
This material was used for general heat insulation and fire protection.
Also used for insulation of electrical equipment and plants such as blow heaters.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Soft material
High asbestos content – 37 - 97%
Crocidolite used for early boards. Mostly contained Chrysotile
Asbestos Paper & Cardboard
Asbestos fibre mixed with water then compressed to form sheets of asbestos paper.
Asbestos paper was generally used to line secondary materials. It was used to insulate electrical and heat equipment.
It was used below fibreglass insulation on pipes, backing to floor covering, lining to combustible materials, such as fibreboard, below roof linings, etc.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Soft material
High asbestos content – mostly 100%
Chrysotile asbestos used
Asbestos Textiles, Ropes & Strings
Asbestos fibre spun and woven.
Woven materials were used to create ropes and strings, which had many uses.
Rope gaskets to boilers, skylights, safes, caulking in brickwork and jointing.
Cloths were used to insulate boilers, pipes, exhausts, curtains, gloves, aprons and clothing.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Low density – Soft material
High asbestos content – mostly 100%
Chrysotile asbestos used
Asbestos Gaskets
Asbestos fibre mixed with secondary materials and compressed.
Gaskets have been used on a wide variety of boilers, heating systems and tanks including domestic, commercial and industrial.
Gaskets have been used on machinery, appliances and products extensively.
Some gasket materials continued to be used after asbestos prohibition in 1999 (through exemption).
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Generally low density – Soft Material
High asbestos content – up to 90%
Mostly always Chrysotile used. Some Crocidolite used
Asbestos Friction Products
Asbestos fibre bound within either resin or rubber.
Resin-based materials were used as brake and clutch shoes, pads or plates on transport vehicles, machinery and lifts.
Rubber-based materials were used as drive belts or conveyor belts on engines and conveyors.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
Generally high density – Hard material
High asbestos content – 30 - 70%
Chrysotile used
Asbestos Cement
Asbestos fibre mixed with cement.
Asbestos cement was extensively used and there were many applications of it.
Profile sheets for roofing wall cladding, shuttering, etc. Compressed sheets, panels, tiles, slates, boards.
Preform/moulded products included pipes, cisterns, tanks, drains, gutters, windowsills, bath panels. Draining board extractor hoods, coping and promenade tiles.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
High density – Hard material
Low asbestos content. Mostly 10 - 25%. Some were as little as 4%. Industrial applications up to 50%
All asbestos types used but most commonly Chrysotile
Asbestos Composites
Asbestos fibre bonded with secondary material.
Composites are generally two materials mixed together at the manufacturing stage, asbestos and another, which are then set or become one material.
Textured coatings – 3-5% Chrysotile mixed with coatings. These materials were usually applied to walls and ceilings, but maybe found on any surface.
Friction Products - 30-70% Chrysotile asbestos bound in resins or rubber used for brakes and clutch plates in transport, machinery and lifts.
Bitumen and felt products – Chrysotile fibre (or asbestos paper) in bitumen, asbestos content usually 3 to 8%. Roofing felt, damp proof course, bitumen coatings, mastics and adhesives.
Thermoplastic floor tiles - contained up to 25% Chrysotile asbestos. PVC flooring and vinyl tiles normally contained 7% Chrysotile.
Plastics and resins usually contain 1-10% Chrysotile, however some amphiboles were used. Toilet cisterns, bakelite products, car battery's, resin stair nosings etc.
KEY ASBESTOS MATERIAL FACTS
High density – Hard material
Generally low asbestos content – 1 - 50%
All types of asbestos have been used but mainly Chrysotile
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